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Frederick Mitchell, Chief Economist | Aluma Capital (Pty) Ltd
Frederick Mitchell
June 10, 2025

South Africa

Gold and Foreign Exchange Reserves

May 2025

The South African International Liquidity Position, reflected by Net Gold and Foreign Exchange Reserves, grew in USD terms but came slightly down in Rand terms due to the appreciation of the Rand against the Dollar in May 2025. The Rand appreciated by nearly 60c against the Dollar during the month, reserves increased by around $500 million, boosted by a monthly growth of 0.7% and an annual growth of 40.5% compared to the 2024 price for gold in the month of May.

Foreign reserves also surged from again in Dollar terms from April to May, highlighting the Reserve Bank’s stance on buying more Dollars to boost the South African International Liquidity position given all the current uncertainties within the global markets and economy. International news and events include the reductions in the European interest rate while the Federal Reserve Bank in the US kept the Fed rate unchanged coupled with ongoing international diplomatic tensions and continuation of trade tariffs as the 90-day tariff reprieve window the Trump administration announced draws to close. In the light of these developments key commodities like gold, oil, platinum, and coal offer vital insights into South Africa’s mining sector and inflation outlook for the coming months given all the mentioned international developments.

Monitoring these trends is crucial, as inflation expectations will influence the South African Reserve Bank’s (SARB) interest rate decisions later in 2025. A stable Rand and lower oil prices support favourable inflation forecasts, but global geopolitical tensions and potential changes to trade agreements like AGOA could cause rapid shifts.

With recent US tariffs and an unchanged Fed rate in May 2025, the Rand is expected to face continued volatility, impacting international markets and South Africa’s economic outlook for the remainder of 2025.

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More Coverage

The Fuel Shock Dilemma: Why the SARB’s Inflation Medicine May Hurt a Fragile Economy

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The Core Dilemma: Demand vs. Supply and Interest Rates

The case for holding interest rates is strong, as South Africa’s current inflation is being driven by global supply-side pressures like fuel prices, not excessive local spending. Raising rates now would place additional strain on already struggling consumers and businesses without addressing the real cause of inflation. With the Rand strengthening, oil prices stabilising, and diesel costs expected to decline, natural inflation relief is already emerging. Since inflation remains within the SARB’s target range, increasing borrowing costs could unnecessarily slow economic growth and job creation.

A view on Demand in the Economy: Retail Sales performance – March 2026 Data

Amid a turbulent economic backdrop, South Africa’s retail sales surged by an unexpected 2.6% in March 2026, outpacing forecasts and signalling a fragile yet persistent recovery in the consumer market. While interest rate cuts have bolstered household spending, challenges such as rising inflation, potential interest rate hikes, and geopolitical tensions loom large. Despite these hurdles, sectors like “other retailers” and general dealers have notably contributed to this growth spurt, raising questions about the sustainability of this recovery. With business and consumer confidence indices displaying mixed signals, the future of South Africa’s retail strength hinges on international relations, fuel costs, and policy decisions. Explore the dynamics and implications of these developments in our detailed report.

Consumer Inflation Rate – 2026

In an insightful analysis of South Africa’s economic landscape in April 2026, the report delves into the notable 4.0% year-on-year increase in the Consumer Price Index, accentuated by surging costs in housing, utilities, transport, and financial services. Amid rising inflationary pressures fuelled by global uncertainties, including the Middle East conflict and climbing oil prices, the South African Reserve Bank faces critical decisions on interest rates to balance inflation and economic growth. As households grapple with diminished purchasing power, the precarity of reliance on short-term credit looms large, while international factors such as US-imposed tariffs and potential BRICS trade tensions threaten market stability. The report provides a comprehensive look at the delicate dance South Africa must perform to maintain price stability and safeguard the Rand amidst a challenging global backdrop.

The SARB’s High-Stakes Tightrope: Balancing an Inflation Breach Against a Jobless Crisis

Next week’s SARB decision could define South Africa’s economic trajectory: facing an external oil shock and runaway electricity tariffs that threaten to push April inflation past the central bank’s 4.0% ceiling, policymakers must weigh a technical inflation breach against a staggering surge in unemployment and collapsing investment, a choice between credibility and survival. With joblessness spiking and GDP growth stagnant, aggressive rate hikes would risk choking off the private investment the country urgently needs, while inaction could dent the new inflation-targeting framework. Read the full report for a detailed breakdown of the shocks driving this dilemma, the likely “hold” outcome from the May 28 MPC meeting, and what it means for businesses, households, and markets.